Milton Friedman Biography Summary

Milton Friedman was born on July 31, 1912 in New York. He graduated from mathematics at Rutgers University in 1932. He changed his branch to master and studied master's in economics at the University of Chicago. He could not find an academic job due to the crisis and worked as an economist in the state administration. In 1945, he worked as a mathematical statistician at Columbia University. He received his Ph.D. degree from Columbia University in 1946.

He was appointed to study the theory of economics at the University of Chicago and has spent 30 years of his academic career there. After receiving the Nobel Prize for Economics in 1976, he retired from Chicago University in 1977 at the age of 65. 

In 1980, he became a consultant to the Republican Party presidential candidate Ronald Reagan. When Reagan was elected president, Friedman served in the "Economic Policy Advisory Board", the chief economic adviser to the US Federal government.

He died of a heart attack in San Francisco in 2006 when he was 94 years old. Milton Friedman is the most important economist in monetarism formation and promotion. In 1976 he published Monetarizmin basic principles in his book "Studies in the Quantity Theory of Money"

When Milton Friedman gave him the Nobel Prize for Economics, he spoke of "inflation has always been a monetary phenomenon" and emphasized the tight link between monetary expansion and inflation.

States Established After The Collapse of The Soviet Union

A list of states that declared their independence with the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991.

• Russia

• Belarus

• Azerbaijan

• Armenia

• Estonia

• Turkmenistan

• Tajikistan

• Uzbekistan

• Georgia

• Kyrgyzstan

• Kazakhistan

• Latvia

• Lithuanian

• Moldova

• Ukraine

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Commonwealth of Independent States was established under the leadership of the Russian Federation.

The Commonwealth of Independent States agreed on the ending of the Soviet Union with an agreement they signed on 8 December 1991.

On December 21, 1991, all states outside Georgia, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania signed this agreement.

Georgia signed an agreement in 1993. But after the war between Russia and Georgia in 2008, Georgia left the Commonwealth of Independent States on 15 August 2008.

Another state that left the Commonwealth of Independent States was Turkmenistan. Ukraine was not a member because the assembly did not approve it. There are 9 countries in the Community.

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, on 1 July 1991 the Warsaw Pact also disintegrated.

French Revolution Summary Short

The French Revolution (1789-1799) is the overthrow of the absolute monarchy in France, the establishment of a republic in place, and the Roman Catholic Church being forced to go to serious reforms. It is a turning point in European and Western world history. It is the biggest influence that started a social movement.

XVI. Louis sought tax on land property from nobles. In contrast, the nobles wanted the parliament to be gathered. The parliament, which had not been convened since 1614, consisted of three cabins chosen from nobility, clergy and the people.

By the gathering of the Parliament, the middle class people, especially the wealthy classes, waged war against monarchy. They wanted to limit the authority of the monarchy with a constitution, liberalize internal trade by removing the inner customs walls, reorganize taxation and gain more rights in administration.

These requests were not accepted by Louis the 16th. The middle class attacked 14 Bastille prison on July 1789, along with other elements. The prison was seized and the prisoners released.

Following this general uprising, a constituent assembly was convened and published the Declaration of Human and Citizen Rights. Then he created a constitution based on national sovereignty, limiting the power of the monarchy. This constitution foresees a parliamentary election by the people to share legislative and executive powers with the king.

Norway History Summary

Between the 8th and 11th centuries, a tribe, known as the Vikings, ruled in Norway. Known as a warrior nation, the Vikings set up colonies in Britain, Iceland, Greenland and North America. In around 1000 years, Christian missionaries began to spread Christianity in Norway. King of Norway 1st Haakon accepted Christianity. In 1030 the Danish occupied Norway. Norway has become part of the North Sea Empire established by King Danish Knud.

In 1363 the King of Norway VI. Håkon, married the (I. Margrete) daughter of the Danish king and united the two countries.

Håkon was also acquainted with the Swedish royal family. In 1387, I. Margrete came to the throne. Under Margaret's rule, in 1397, Sweden, Norway, Denmark and the colonies merged and a large Scandinavian Empire was established under the name of the Kalmar Union.

Sweden left the Kalmar Union in 1521. Denmark and Norway continued to act together under the Danish-Norway till 1821.

Norway had to join Sweden after the Napoleonic Wars. In 1905 Sweden recognized the Norway independence. As a result of the 1905 referendum, King of Denmark VII. Frederik's son Karl was declared king of Norway.

Norway remained neutral in World War I. It was occupied by the Nazis in World War II. Norway was occupied until the surrender of Germany. Norway became a member of NATO in 1949. In the referendums held in 1972 and 1994, the Norway people rejected the membership of the European Union.

Watergate Scandal Summary

The building where the Watergate scandal emerged.

The Watergate scandal is a political scandal that developed in the capital of the United States and resulted in the resignation of President Richard Nixon. Watergate is the name of a hotel and business center located in Washington, DC, the capital of the United States. The scandal is referred to as the Watergate Scandal or Watergate for the emergence of this building.

On June 17, 1972, five thieves were arrested by the police as they entered an office in the Watergate business center. It turned out that the United States was the center of the then Democratic Party, the main opposition party. The sustained investigation revealed that the thieves were linked to the Republican Party, which was Nixon's party, and that their aim was to place microphones to listen to the Democratic Party's phones secretly.

President Richard Nixon then appointed Justice Minister Elliot Richardson to uncover all the politicians who were behind this viciousness. Richardson, an attorney named Archibald Cox, has made this point. Cox learned that all the president's talking was recorded in the White House. He wanted these records to be given to him. Richard Nixon certainly rejected this request and ordered the Justice Minister to remove Cox from his post. Richard Nixon ended Richardson's job because he did not take Cox from duty.

The US Supreme Court forced Richard Nixon to hand over tape records to the prosecutor. Richard Nixon delivered his tape recordings at the end, but this time Richard Nixon had lost his people's support and began investigations at the US Congress to get Richard Nixon out of office. Richard Nixon announced on August 8, 1974 that he would resign with a speech he made on television. Instead, Vice President Gerald Ford became president. Thus Richard Nixon became the first and only president to resign from the US presidency.

Cristiano Ronaldo Biography Short

Cristiano Ronaldo was born on February 5, 1985 in Madeira Island. Ronaldo, who started football in Andorinha, was transferred to Nacional in Madeira in 1995. After playing here for two years, went to Sporting Lisbon. Although he was only 12 years old, he was attracted by his talent.

He played in various categories in Sporting. He played in the European Under-17 Football Championship with the Portuguese national team under the age of 17. In 2003, Sporting Lisbon caught Manchester United's manager Alex Ferguson's attention in a 3-1 victory over Manchester United. The same year, 12.24 million sterling was transferred to Manchester United. He scored his first goal against Portsmouth on 1 November 2003. The same year Portugal went on to the first match of the national team.

He scored 84 goals in 196 games between 2003 and 2009. Under this form he won the Golden Ball and Golden Shoe awards. He won the footballer of the year and young footballer of the year in the 2006-2007 season in England. He scored 31 goals in the 2007-2008 season, becoming the top scorer in the Premier League. Ronaldo scored 41 goals and broke the record for the winger who scored the most goals in a season that belonged to George Best. In the 2007-2008 season, the football player of the year was selected in England.

On June 11, 2009, he transferred to Real Madrid for € 96 million for the transfer fee. The signing ceremony took place in front of 80 thousand supporters.